Two-component systems (TCS) comprising sensor histidine kinases and response regulator
proteins are among the most important players in bacterial and archaeal signal transduction …

Highlights•Sparsely populated protein states can play significant biological roles.•NMR
spectroscopy can structurally and dynamically characterize 'invisible'protein states.•We …

Detection of blue light (BL) via flavin‐binding photoreceptors (Fl‐Blues) has evolved
throughout all three domains of life. Although the main BL players, that is light, oxygen and …

The Alphaproteobacteria uniquely integrate features of two-component signal transduction
and alternative σ factor regulation to control transcription of genes that ensure growth and …

A newfound signaling pathway employs a GGDEF enzyme with unique activity compared to
the majority of homologs associated with bacterial cyclic di-GMP signaling. This system …

Highlights•HWE and HisKA2 domain families comprise an unusual subset of sensor
histidine kinases.•HWE/HisKA2 possess unique sequence motifs and structural …

Flavin‐based photoreceptor proteins of the LOV (light, oxygen and voltage) superfamily are
ubiquitous and appear to be essential blue‐light sensing systems not only in plants, algae …

For many proteins, biological function requires the folding of the polypeptide chain into a
unique and persistent tertiary structure. This review concerns proteins that adopt a specific …

Information transmission in biological signaling networks is commonly considered to be a
unidirectional flow of information between protein partners. According to this view, many …

Cytokinins and ethylene belong to the group of “classical” plant growth regulators controlling
a broad spectrum of developmental responses. Models for cytokinin and ethylene signal …