The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the
vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the …

Mammalian locomotion is characterized by the use of asymmetrical gaits associated with
extensive flexions and extensions of the body axis. Although the impact of sagittal spine …

The words of Hughlings Jackson in 1884 were inspired by a consideration of what was then
the recent work of Darwin on evolution. In the quoted article, he applied this perspective to …

The persistence of back pain following acute back “sprains” is a serious public health
problem with poorly understood pathophysiology. The recent finding that human subjects …

Using a biomechanical model and experimental data the self-stabilising behaviour of
antagonistic trunk muscles was analyzed. The biomechanical model is constituted of a pair …

Aging is associated with impaired strength and power during isometric and shortening
contractions, however, during lengthening (ie, eccentric) contractions, strength is …

Given the importance of thoraco-lumbar spine movements in the locomotion of mammals, it
is surprising that in vivo three-dimensional (3-D) data on the intervertebral movement of the …

Muscle fiber type composition of intrinsic shoulder muscles was examined in tree shrews,
cotton-top tamarins, and squirrel monkeys with respect to their shoulder kinematics and …

Study Design. A qualitative and semiquantitative study of the morphology of the human
thoracolumbar transversospinal (TSP) muscles. Objective. To further define the functional …

Two contrasting patterns of lumbar vertebral morphology generally characterize
anthropoids.“Long‐backed” monkeys are distinguished from “short‐backed” apes [Benton …