Infections arising from multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria are spreading rapidly
throughout the world and threaten to become untreatable. The origins of resistance are …

The peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall is an extra-cytoplasmic glycopeptide polymeric structure
that protects bacteria from osmotic lysis and determines cellular shape. Since the cell wall …

The discovery of penicillin followed by streptomycin, tetracycline, cephalosporins and other
natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic antimicrobials completely revolutionized medicine by …

Highlights•Structure-based mechanisms are available for five major classes of multi-drug
transporters.•Three transporter classes form tripartite assemblies spanning the bacterial cell …

Xenobiotic and metabolite extrusion is an important process for the proper functions of cells
and their compartments, including acidic organelles. MATE (multidrug and toxic compound …

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a key factor limiting plant growth and crop production on acid soils.
Increasing the plant Al-detoxification capacity and/or breeding Al-resistant cultivars are a …

The potential for the build-up of resistance to a particular antibiotic endangers its therapeutic
application over time. In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become one of the most …

Cell envelope plays a dual role in the life of bacteria by simultaneously protecting it from a
hostile environment and facilitating access to beneficial molecules. At the heart of this ability …

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters underpin multidrug resistance
by using the H+ or Na+ electrochemical gradient to extrude different drugs across cell …

Translocation of lipid II across the cytoplasmic membrane is essential in peptidoglycan
biogenesis. Although most steps are understood, identifying the lipid II flippase has yielded …