Organisms of all domains of life use photoreceptor proteins to sense and respond to light.
The light-sensitivity of photoreceptor proteins arises from bound chromophores such as …

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy (ssNMR) with magic-angle spinning (MAS) enables the
investigation of biological systems within their native context, such as lipid membranes, viral …

The field of optogenetics uses channelrhodopsins (ChRs) for light-induced neuronal
activation. However, optimized tools for cellular inhibition at moderate light levels are …

Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol, 1, Figure 1) is considered the most multifunctional vitamin in the
human body. 1 It plays key roles in many physiological processes such as vision …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are directly light-gated ion channels that function as sensory
photoreceptors in flagellated green algae, allowing these algae to identify optimal light …

The discovery of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin (ChR) set the stage for the
novel field of optogenetics, where cellular processes are controlled by light. However, the …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are microbial light-gated ion channels utilized in optogenetics to
control neural activity with light. Light absorption causes retinal chromophore isomerization …

Channelrhodopsins are light-gated cation channels that have been widely used for
optogenetic stimulation of electrically excitable cells. Replacement of a glutamic acid in the …

The new and vibrant field of optogenetics was founded by the seminal discovery of
channelrhodopsin, the first light-gated cation channel. Despite the numerous applications …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light‐gated ion channels that are widely used in
optogenetics. They allow precise control of neuronal activity with light, but a detailed …