Meteorological environments favorable for thunderstorms are studied across Europe,
including rare thunderstorm conditions from seasons with climatologically few …

Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are dynamically important, strongly ascending and mostly
stratiform cloud-forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones. Despite the predominantly …

Upward lightning is rarer than downward lightning and requires tall (100+ m) structures to
initiate. It may be either self‐initiated or triggered by other lightning discharges. While …

Tall structures cause upward lightning (UL). It endangers and potentially damages tall wind
turbines, which are a mainstay in the drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ground …

This study investigates lightning at tall objects and evaluates the risk of upward lightning
(UL) over the eastern Alps and its surrounding areas. While uncommon, UL poses a threat …

Upward lightning (UL) has become a major threat to the growing number of wind turbines
producing renewable electricity. It can be much more destructive than downward lightning …

Blue streamer discharges are corona flashes usually originating from the upper part of
thunderclouds and are associated with more severe weather systems than lightning. When …

Lightning characteristics in all seasons are investigated across Europe because it is
observed that lightning strikes to tall infrastructure have no or only a weak annual cycle …