Xanthan gum is a naturally occurring polysaccharide obtained from Xanthomonas
campestris. The xanthan gum backbone consists of β-d-glucose linked like in cellulose. The …

In oil and gas industry, produced water is considered as the largest waste stream, which
contains relatively higher concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other pollutants …

Recovery of natural gas and oil from unconventional (shale) reservoirs relies on horizontal
drilling and hydraulic fracturing to make it economical. Hydraulic fracturing generates vast …

The rapid rise of shale gas development through horizontal drilling and high volume
hydraulic fracturing has expanded the extraction of hydrocarbon resources in the US The …

Background Natural gas has recently emerged as a relatively clean energy source that
offers the opportunity for a number of regions around the world to reduce their reliance on …

Since the beginning of this millennium, shale gas extraction by horizontal drilling and
hydraulic fracturing has boosted US gas production, changing the global energy markets …

Biocides are critical components of hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) fluids used for
unconventional shale gas development. Bacteria may cause bioclogging and inhibit gas …

The management and disposal of flowback and produced waters (FP water) is one of the
greatest challenges associated with unconventional oil and gas development. The …

The rapid increase in unconventional natural gas (UNG) development in the United States
during the past decade has brought wells and related infrastructure closer to population …

The hydrocarbon resources of shale gas and tight oil have made a significant impact on
North American energy reserves over the past decade. The production of so-called …