Following detection of bacteria, macrophages switch their metabolism from oxidative
respiration through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to high-rate aerobic glycolysis. This …

Immune cells undergo rapid and extensive metabolic changes during inflammation. In
addition to contributing to energetic and biosynthetic demands, metabolites can also …

INTRODUCTION Microbial populations display heterogeneous gene expression profiles that
result in phenotypic differences between individual bacteria. This diversity can allow …

This review examines the role of reactive species RS (of oxygen ROS, nitrogen RNS and
halogen RHS) on innate immunity. The importance of these species in innate immunity was …

Timely adaptation to nutrient downshift is crucial for bacteria to maintain fitness during feast
and famine cycle in the natural niche. However, the molecular mechanism that ensures the …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are attractive weapons in both antibiotic-mediated killing
and host-mediated killing. However, the involvement of ROS in antibiotic-mediated killing …

Ocean viruses are abundant and infect 20–40% of surface microbes. Infected cells, termed
virocells, are thus a predominant microbial state. Yet, virocells and their ecosystem impacts …

Permafrost underlies approximately one quarter of Northern Hemisphere terrestrial surfaces
and contains 25–50% of the global soil carbon (C) pool. Permafrost soils and the C stocks …

Acetate is regarded as a promising carbon feedstock in biological production owing to its
possible derivation from C 1 gases such as CO, CO 2 and methane. To best use of acetate …

Many bacteria possess all the machineries required to grow on fatty acids (FA) as a unique
source of carbon and energy. FA degradation proceeds through the β-oxidation cycle that …