The current understanding of lactate extends from its origins as a byproduct of glycolysis to
its role in tumor metabolism, as identified by studies on the Warburg effect. The lactate …

Although the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) has improved considerably, it is still a
worldwide disease with high morbidity and high mortality. Whilst there is still a long way to …

Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive extracellular matrix deposition due to
dysregulated wound and connective tissue repair response. Multiple organs can develop …

Myocardial fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of
extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic companion of many different …

Innate immune cells play important roles in tissue injury and repair following acute
myocardial infarction (MI). Although reprogramming of macrophage metabolism has been …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) isoforms are upregulated and activated in myocardial
diseases and have an important role in cardiac repair and remodelling, regulating the …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in regulating various physiological
functions of living organisms. The intrinsic biochemical properties of ROS, which underlie …

Heart failure exhibits remarkable pathophysiologic heterogeneity. A large body of evidence
suggests that regardless of the underlying etiology, heart failure is associated with induction …

The intracellular sensing protein termed NLRP3 (for NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-
containing protein 3) forms a macromolecular structure called the NLRP3 inflammasome …

Abstract The interleukin (IL)-1 family member IL-1α is a ubiquitous and pivotal pro-
inflammatory cytokine. The IL-1α precursor is constitutively present in nearly all cell types in …