Recent studies have developed fundamental limitations on nanoscale thermodynamics, in
terms of a set of independent free energy relations. Here we show that free energy relations …

The second law of thermodynamics places constraints on state transformations. It applies to
systems composed of many particles, however, we are seeing that one can formulate laws of …

The first law of thermodynamics imposes not just a constraint on the energy content of
systems in extreme quantum regimes but also symmetry constraints related to the …

Because of conservation of energy we cannot directly turn a quantum system with a definite
energy into a superposition of different energies. However, if we have access to an …

Thermodynamics is traditionally concerned with systems comprised of a large number of
particles. Here we present a framework for extending thermodynamics to individual quantum …

Landauerʼs principle relates entropy decrease and heat dissipation during logically
irreversible processes. Most theoretical justifications of Landauerʼs principle either use …

The interplay between quantum-mechanical properties, such as coherence, and classical
notions, such as energy, is a subtle topic at the forefront of quantum thermodynamics. The …

The work content of non-equilibrium systems in relation to a heat bath is often analysed in
terms of expectation values of an underlying random work variable. However, when …

Irreversible information processing cannot be carried out without some inevitable
thermodynamical work cost. This fundamental restriction, known as Landauer's principle, is …

In recent years we have witnessed a concentrated effort to make sense of thermodynamics
for small-scale systems. One of the main difficulties is to capture a suitable notion of work …