Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Optogenetics ushered in a revolution in how neuroscientists interrogate brain function.
Because of technical limitations, the majority of optogenetic studies have used low spatial …

Modern optogenetics can be tuned to evoke activity that corresponds to naturally occurring
local or global activity in timing, magnitude or individual-cell patterning. This outcome has …

Tremendous progress has been made since Neuron published our Primer on genetic
dissection of neural circuits 10 years ago. Since then, cell-type-specific anatomical …

The brain is characterized by heterogeneous patterns of structural connections supporting
unparalleled feats of cognition and a wide range of behaviours. New non-invasive imaging …

Human skin relies on cutaneous receptors that output digital signals for tactile sensing in
which the intensity of stimulation is converted to a series of voltage pulses. We present a …

Abstract Slow gamma oscillations (30–60 Hz) correlate with retrieval of spatial memory.
Altered slow gamma oscillations have been observed in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we use …

Oxytocin is important for social interactions and maternal behaviour. However, little is known
about when, where and how oxytocin modulates neural circuits to improve social cognition …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

Organisms of all domains of life use photoreceptor proteins to sense and respond to light.
The light-sensitivity of photoreceptor proteins arises from bound chromophores such as …