Stress responses play a key role in allowing animals to cope with change and challenge in
the face of both environmental certainty and uncertainty. Measurement of glucocorticoid …

The secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a classic endocrine response to stress. Despite
that, it remains controversial as to what purpose GCs serve at such times. One view …

Baleen whales (Mysticeti) communicate using low-frequency acoustic signals. These long-
wavelength sounds can be detected over hundreds of kilometres, potentially allowing …

Although scientists have discovered many fundamental physiological and behavioral
mechanisms that comprise the stress response, most of current knowledge is based on …

The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what is
threatening and, therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the physiological and behavioral …

Living organisms have regular patterns and routines that involve obtaining food and carrying
out life history stages such as breeding, migrating, molting, and hibernating. The acquisition …

Chronic activation of the stress axis caused by long‐term uncontrollable and unpredictable
factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological …

Stress begins in the brain and affects the brain, as well as the rest of the body. Acute stress
responses promote adaptation and survival via responses of neural, cardiovascular …

Given the connection between chronic stress and health, there has been a growing
emphasis on identifying chronically stressed wild animals, especially in relation to …

The mind involves the whole body, and two-way communication between the brain and the
cardiovascular, immune, and other systems via neural and endocrine mechanisms. Stress is …