All organisms have a stress response system to cope with environmental threats, yet its
precise form varies hugely within and across individuals, populations, and species. While …

The ecology of fear concerns the population-, community-, and ecosystem-level
consequences of the behavioral interactions between predators and prey, ie, the aggregate …

Fear of the human 'super predator'has been demonstrated to so alter the feeding behavior of
large carnivores as to cause trophic cascades. It has yet to be experimentally tested if fear of …

Arctic terrestrial herbivores influence tundra carbon and nutrient dynamics through their
consumption of resources, waste production, and habitat‐modifying behaviors. The strength …

Predators can impact prey via predation or risk effects, which can initiate trophic cascades.
Given widespread population declines of apex predators, understanding and predicting the …

Predation has direct effects on prey population dynamics through mortality, and it can induce
indirect effects through fear. The indirect effects of predation have been documented …

Variation in stress responses has been investigated in relation to environmental factors,
species ecology, life history and fitness. Moreover, mechanistic studies have unravelled …

Inducible defences allow prey to increase survival chances when predators are present
while avoiding unnecessary costs in their absence. Many studies report considerable inter …

The boreal forest is one of the world's ecosystems most affected by global climate warming.
The snowshoe hare, its predators, and their population dynamics dominate the mammalian …

Steroid hormones, especially glucocorticoids (GCs), are widely used to assess physiological
responses to stressors. As steroid hormones are heavily metabolised prior to excretion, it is …