Individual differences in the energy cost of self-maintenance (resting metabolic rate, RMR)
are substantial and the focus of an emerging research area. These differences may …

Conditions fish encounter during embryogenesis and early life history can leave lasting
effects not only on morphology, but also on growth rate, life‐history and behavioural traits …

Social organisation in animals takes many forms. It includes assemblages of territorial
animals, dominance hierarchies and social groups, among other things. The basic tenet that …

Chronic activation of the stress axis caused by long‐term uncontrollable and unpredictable
factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological …

Ecological and medical researchers are investing great effort to determine the role of M
aternally‐D erived S tress (MDS) as an inducer of phenotypic plasticity in offspring. Many …

The maternal environment exerts important influences on offspring mass/growth,
metabolism, reproduction, neurobiology, immune function, and behavior among birds …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Biomedical researchers have long appreciated that maternal stressors can induce
preparative and adaptive programming in offspring via exposure to maternal Glucocorticoids …

In order to explain the huge variation in parental behaviour, evolutionary biologists have
traditionally used a cost–benefit approach, which enables them to analyse behavioural traits …

Behavioural traits that are consistent over time and in different contexts are often referred to
as personality traits. These traits influence fitness because they play a major role in foraging …