Curing cancer through precision medicine is the paramount aim of the new wave of
molecular and genomic therapies. Currently, whether patients with non-reproductive …

Abstract Panax ginseng (Meyer) and Panax notoginseng (Burkill), belonging to the family
Araliaceae, are used worldwide as medicinal and functional herbs. Numerous publications …

The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to
cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited …

Neutrophils perform critical functions in the innate response to infection, including through
the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)-web-like DNA structures which are …

Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines elicited on challenge to the host defense
and are essential for mobilizing immune responses to pathogens. Divided into three classes …

Panax ginseng is one of the most universally used herbal medicines in Asian and Western
countries. Most of the biological activities of ginseng are derived from its main constituents …

To connect human biology to fish biomedical models, we sequenced the genome of spotted
gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), whose lineage diverged from teleosts before teleost genome …

All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self
and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-
recognition receptors. They function as sensors of invading pathogens through recognition …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, a key
component of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens and initiate an …