This retrospective paper describes the RowHammer problem in dynamic random access
memory (DRAM), which was initially introduced by Kim et al. at the ISCA 2014 Conference …

The Rowhammer bug is a reliability issue in DRAM cells that can enable an unprivileged
adversary to flip the values of bits in neighboring rows on the memory module. Previous …

The Rowhammer bug allows unauthorized modification of bits in DRAM cells from
unprivileged software, enabling powerful privilege-escalation attacks. Sophisticated …

Increasingly sophisticated Rowhammer exploits allow an attacker that can execute code on
a vulnerable system to escalate privileges and compromise browsers, clouds, and mobile …

Fault injection attacks (FIA) are a class of active physical attacks, mostly used for malicious
purposes such as extraction of cryptographic keys, privilege escalation, attacks on neural …

DRAM has scaled to achieve low cost per bit and this scaling has decreased Rowhammer
threshold. Thus, DRAM has adopted Target-Row-Refresh (TRR) which refreshes victim rows …

Embedded software is developed under the assumption that hardware execution is always
correct. Fault attacks break and exploit that assumption. Through the careful introduction of …

The Rowhammer vulnerability common to many modern DRAM chips allows attackers to
trigger bit flips in a row of memory cells by accessing the adjacent rows at high frequencies …

Modern cryptography requires the ability to securely generate pseudorandom numbers.
However, despite decades of work on side-channel attacks, there is little discussion of their …

Process isolation is a key component of the security architecture in any hardware/software
system. However, even when implemented correctly and comprehensively at the software …