Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Glaciers and ice sheets erode mountains and produce vast quantities of sediments that are
delivered to rivers and oceans, impacting global sediment and biogeochemical balances …

The land ice contribution to global mean sea level rise has not yet been predicted 1 using
ice sheet and glacier models for the latest set of socio-economic scenarios, nor using …

Ice flow models of the Antarctic ice sheet are commonly used to simulate its future evolution
in response to different climate scenarios and inform on the mass loss that would contribute …

The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been
attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords, but this …

Rapid ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet since 1992 is due in equal parts to increased
surface melting and accelerated ice flow. The latter is conventionally attributed to ocean …

The mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet is nearly equally partitioned between a decrease
in surface mass balance from enhanced surface melt and an increase in ice dynamics from …

Over the past two decades, ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has increased
owing to enhanced surface melting and ice discharge to the ocean,,,–. Whether continuing …

Abstract The Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) is losing mass at a high rate 1. Given the short-term
nature of the observational record, it is difficult to assess the historical importance of this …

The melting of ice sheets and global glaciers results in sea-level rise, a pole-to-equator
mass transport increasing Earth's oblateness and resulting in an increase in the length of …