The forced swim test (FST) is a behavioral test in rodents which was developed in 1978 by
Porsolt and colleagues as a model for predicting the clinical efficacy of antidepressant …

Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood
disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior …

Daily rhythms in behavior and physiology are programmed by a hierarchical collection of
biological clocks located throughout the brain and body, known as the circadian system …

Circadian rhythms have evolved in almost all organisms enabling them to anticipate
alternating changes in the environment. As a consequence, the circadian clock controls a …

Photoperiodism is the ability of plants and animals to measure environmental day length to
ascertain time of year. Central to the evolution of photoperiodism in animals is the adaptive …

Depression is strongly associated with the circadian system, disruption of the circadian
system leads to increased propensity to disease and to mood disorders including …

Bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are heritable neuropsychiatric
disorders associated with disrupted circadian rhythms. The hypothesis that circadian clock …

Affective disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective
disorder are associated with major disruptions in circadian rhythms. Indeed, altered …

The serotonin and circadian systems are principal regulatory networks of the brain. Each
consists of a unique set of neurons that make widespread neural connections and a defined …

There is a long history that protracted periods of circadian disruption, such as through
frequent transmeridian travel or rotating shift work, can have a significant impact on brain …