Research in nonhuman animals suggests that reactivation can induce a transient, unstable
state in a previously consolidated memory, during which the memory can be disrupted or …

The generalization of fear memories is an adaptive neurobiological process that promotes
survival in complex and dynamic environments. When confronted with a potential threat, an …

The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …

Extensive research has identified stereotypic behavioral and biological abnormalities in post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as heightened autonomic activity, an exaggerated …

Fear motivates different types of defensive behaviors. These behaviors are, however, not
mere byproducts of fear. In this review, we highlight a bi-directional relationship between …

Norepinephrine (NE) is recognized as having a key role in the pathophysiology of major
depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia, although its distinct actions via α-adrenergic …

α1-adrenergic receptors are G-Protein Coupled Receptors that are involved in
neurotransmission and regulate the sympathetic nervous system through binding and …

Sleep is critical for proper memory consolidation. The locus coeruleus (LC) releases
norepinephrine throughout the brain except when the LC falls silent throughout rapid eye …

The brain noradrenergic system supplies the neurotransmitter norepinephrine throughout
the brain via widespread efferent projections, and plays a pivotal role in modulating …

Dysregulation in contextual processing is believed to affect several forms of
psychopathology, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The dentate gyrus (DG), a …