As many readers may know, graph theory is a fundamental branch of mathematics that
examines networks consisting of nodes and edges, with a focus on their paths, structures …

Hypergraphs extend traditional graphs by allowing edges to connect multiple nodes, while
superhypergraphs further generalize this concept to represent even more complex …

In the last decade, concealed by uncertain atmosphere, many algorithms have been studied
deeply to workout the shortest path problem. In this paper, we compared the shortest path …

Graph theory, a mathematical field, investigates the relationships between entities through
vertices and edges [29]. Within this discipline, Uncertain Graph Theory emerges to model …

The second volume of “Advancing Uncertain Combinatorics through Graphization,
Hyperization, and Uncertainization: Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, Soft, Rough, and Beyond” …

Graph theory, a branch of mathematics, studies relationships among entities through
vertices and edges. To capture the inherent uncertainties in real-world networks, Uncertain …

Graph theory examines networks consisting of nodes (vertices) and the connections (edges)
between them. Mixed graphs, which combine both undirected and directed edges, provide a …

As many readers may know, graph theory is a fundamental branch of mathematics that
explores networks made up of nodes and edges, focusing on their paths, structures, and …

Graph theory is afundamental branch of mathematicsthat studiesnetworksconsisting of
nodes (vertices) and their connections (edges). Extensive research has been conducted on …

In graph theory, the hypergraph [22] extends the traditional graph structure by allowing
edges to connect multiple vertices, and this concept is further broadened by the …