The gastrointestinal tract has the important task of absorbing nutrients, a complex process
that requires an intact barrier allowing the passage of nutrients but that simultaneously …

Orally administered drug entities have to survive the harsh gastrointestinal environment,
penetrate the enteric epithelia and circumvent hepatic metabolism before reaching the …

Tissue-resident macrophages form an essential part of the first line of defense in all tissues
of the body. Next to their immunological role, they play an important role in maintaining …

The intestine is constantly exposed to foreign antigens, which are mostly innocuous but can
sometimes be harmful. Therefore, the intestinal immune system has the delicate task of …

The proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system
(MPS; progenitors, monocytes, macrophages, and classical dendritic cells) are controlled by …

Background Intestinal resident macrophages play a crucial role in homeostasis and have
been implicated in numerous gastrointestinal diseases. While historically believed to be …

A variety of immune cells or tissues are present in the gut to form the gut immune
microenvironment by interacting with gut microbiota, and to maintain the gut immune …

Gut-derived antigens trigger immunoglobulin A (IgA) immune responses that are initiated by
cognate B cells in Peyer's patches (PPs). These cells colonize the subepithelial domes …

The stability of the intestinal microenvironment is the basis for maintaining the normal
physiological activities of the intestine. On the contrary, disordered dynamic processes lead …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the brain form bidirectional nervous, immune, and
endocrine communications known as the gut-brain axis. Several factors can affect this axis; …