Forests in mountain areas provide an indispensable ecosystem service by protecting people
and infrastructure against natural hazards. As forests are increasingly affected by global …

Natural disturbances are important drivers of forest dynamics, and canopy gaps are their
fingerprints in forest ecosystems. Gaps form and persist because of the interplay of tree …

Nature-based solutions (NbS) have received increased interest as cost-effective contributors
to addressing societal challenges, with ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) …

Mountain forests play an essential role in protecting people and infrastructure from natural
hazards. However, forests are currently experiencing an increasing rate of natural …

In this chapter, we give a short overview of the protective effects of forests against snow
avalanches, landslides and rockfall hazards in mountain areas. The overview is based on …

Mountain protection forests can prevent natural hazards by reducing their onset and
propagation probabilities. In fact, individual trees act as natural barriers against …

Risks have always shaped the way society has grown and evolved. Consequently, the risk
concept has been studied and applied by different disciplines such as natural sciences as …

Protective forests are an effective Forest-based Solution (FbS) for Ecosystem-based Disaster
Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) and are part of an integrated risk management (IRM) of natural …

Snow avalanches are among the most important disturbances in mountain ecosystems. The
effects of avalanches on the endemic Pinus heldreichii and Pinus peuce forests in the Pirin …

Simulation tools and their integrated models are widely used to estimate potential starting,
transit and runout zones of gravitational natural hazards such as rockfall, snow avalanches …