Abstract Calcium–calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is the most
abundant protein in excitatory synapses and is central to synaptic plasticity, learning and …

Repeated, episodic bouts of skeletal muscle contraction undertaken frequently as structured
exercise training are a potent stimulus for physiological adaptation in many organs …

The universality of calcium as an intracellular messenger depends on its enormous
versatility. Cells have a calcium signalling toolkit with many components that can be mixed …

Ca 2+ is a highly versatile intracellular signal that operates over a wide temporal range to
regulate many different cellular processes. An extensive Ca 2+-signalling toolkit is used to …

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Many cellular functions are regulated by calcium (Ca2+) signals that are generated by
different signaling pathways. One of these is the inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate/calcium …

How is the heartbeat generated? What controls the strength of contraction of heart muscle?
What are the links between cardiac structure and function? How does our understanding of …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus has been the primary
model by which to study the cellular and molecular basis of memory. Calcium/calmodulin …

Calmodulin is the best studied and prototypical example of the E–F-hand family of Ca 2+-
sensing proteins. Changes in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration regulate calmodulin in three …

▪ Abstract Guard cells surround stomatal pores in the epidermis of plant leaves and stems.
Stomatal pore opening is essential for CO2 influx into leaves for photosynthetic carbon …