Irrigation is considered the primary means of cleaning and disinfection of the root canal
system. The purpose of this review was to set the framework for the obstacles that irrigation …

Abstract Introduction Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) extrusion beyond the apex, also known
as “a hypochlorite accident,” is a well-known complication that seldom occurs during root …

Introduction The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence on the cleaning
and disinfection of root canals and the healing of apical periodontitis when ultrasonic irrigant …

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy has been extensively researched in endodontics, particularly in
cleaning and sha** the root canal system. Research advances have primarily focused on …

The pulp plays a key role in the treatment of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) and is strongly
associated with the outcome, particularly in severe cases. A correct pulp diagnosis is …

Aims To establish whether irrigant activation techniques (IAT s) result in greater intracanal
smear layer and debris removal than conventional needle irrigation (CNI). Methodology Six …

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of needle-insertion depth
on the irrigant flow inside a prepared root canal during final irrigation with a syringe and two …

Boutsioukis C, Gogos C, Verhaagen B, Versluis M, Kastrinakis E, van der Sluis LWM. The
effect of apical preparation size on irrigant flow in root canals evaluated using an unsteady …

Root canal curvature and calcification introduce factors that increase the risk of procedural
accidents during root canal treatment. The inability to achieve patency to the apical third …

Aim To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of a diode laser irradiation, photo‐activated
disinfection (PAD), conventional and sonic activated irrigation with 2.5% sodium …