The human body contains as many bacteria in the intestine as the total number of human
body cells. These bacteria have a central position in human health and disease, and would …

Context In adults, cortisol levels show a pronounced 24-hour rhythm with a peak in the early
morning. It is unknown at what age this early-morning peak in cortisol emerges during …

This prospective longitudinal survey compared the stress levels of students taught using an
outdoor curriculum in a forest, with children in a normal school setting. We were especially …

Maternal obesity has been recognized as a stressor affecting the develo** fetal brain,
leading to long-term negative outcomes comparable to those resulting from maternal …

This study examines the long-term impact of infant colic on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
(HPA) axis development and the moderating role of attachment security, in a low-risk Dutch …

Prenatal exposure to maternal mood disturbances shapes children's cognitive development
reflected in the critical construct of executive functions (EFs). Little is known, however, about …

Abstract Background Exposure to 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), a widely used
hormonal herbicide, may disrupt steroid hormone homeostasis. However, evidence from …

Individuals differ in their physiological and behavioral stress responses. Alterations in these
responses have been associated with mental and physical health. Therefore, it is important …

An intact communication between circadian clocks and the stress system is important for
maintaining physiological homeostasis under resting conditions and in response to external …

Previous research suggests that attending non-parental out-of-home childcare is associated
with elevated cortisol levels for some children. We aimed to compare diurnal saliva cortisol …