It is expected that by 2050 human population will exceed nine billion leading to increased
pressure on marine ecosystems. Therefore, it is conjectured various levels of ecosystem …

Despite progress in the past decade, researchers struggle to evaluate the hypothesis that
environmental conditions compromise immunity and facilitate new disease outbreaks. In this …

It is a difficult task to describe what constitutes a 'healthy'shellfish (eg, crustacean, bivalve).
Visible defects such as discolouration, missing limbs or spines, fouling, lesions, and …

The use of probiotics in aquaculture is proving to be highly effective in improving disease
resistance, nutrition and/or growth of cultured organisms. We have shown that Haliotis …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
Stress-induced changes in immune function occur in animals across phyla, and these effects …

Increasing mariculture of abalone focuses attention on their immune and stress responses.
For abalone, as well as many invertebrates, the function and relationship of these systems …

Mass mortality is often observed in cultured oysters during the period following spawning in
the summer season. To examine the underlying causes leading to this phenomenon …

The pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814), from the Pacific Ocean, was one
of the first species to reach via Suez the Mediterranean, colonizing the eastern basin and …

Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide are leading to physical changes in marine
environments including parallel decreases in ocean pH and increases in seawater …

Mussels, such as Mytilus edulis, are common keystone species on open coasts and in
estuaries and are frequently used in environmental monitoring programmes. Mussels …