A comprehensive review of the physiology, structure, and function of halorhodopsin (HR),
the only known light‐driven anion pump, is presented. Beside the well‐studied transport …

Pharaonis halorhodopsin is a light-driven transport system for chloride, similarly to the
previously described halorhodopsin, but we find that it transports nitrate as effectively as …

The light-driven chloride pump, halorhodopsin, is a mixture containing all-trans and 13-cis
retinal chromophores under both light and dark-adapted conditions and can exist in chloride …

The light-induced dynamics of halorhodopsin has been studied by transient absorption
spectroscopy with a time resolution better than 100 fs. Similar to the process known from …

It has been known that bacteriorhodopsin, the retinal protein in purple membrane which
functions as a light-driven proton pump, undergoes reversible spectroscopic changes at acid …

The photocycle of the retinal protein from Exiguobacterium sibiricum, which differs from
bacteriorhodopsin in both its primary donor and acceptor, is characterized by visible and …

The primary photoisomerization reactions of the all-trans to 13-cis and 11-cis to all-trans
retinal protonated Schiff base (RPSB) in microbial and animal rhodopsins, respectively …

The mutant T203V of the light driven chloride pump halorhodopsin from Halobacterium
salinarum was crystallized and the X‐ray structure was solved at 1.6 Å resolution. The …

The light‐driven chloride pump, halorhodopsin, binds and transports chloride across the
membrane, and to a lesser extent nitrate. Binding and transport kinetics, and resonance …

Revised Manuscript Received October 6, 1992 abstract: Kinetic resonance Raman spectra
of the HR520, HR640, and HR578 species in the halorhodopsin photocycle are obtained …