Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits that people receive from ecosystems.
Understanding the impact of forest management on their supply can inform policy and …

Stand-level retention is an important component of sustainable forest management which
aims to balance ecological, social and economic objectives. Long-term retention of mature …

Forests are complex adaptive systems in which properties at higher levels emerge from
localized networks of many entities interacting at lower levels, allowing the development of …

Microclimatic forest influence (edge effects into open or regenerating areas) occurs within
harvested forest, but the depth and magnitude may change depending on the design of the …

Renaturalization treatment in black pine afforestation is an important topic that should be
considered. There is a need to favor the evolution of artificial pine forests toward natural …

There is an increased species richness and species diversity at the edges of forest-
grassland mosaics. Taxonomic diversity, however, provides little information on the function …

Area-based conservation measures are the main approach to preserve forest biodiversity.
However, there is no common view on the best strategy in relation to spatial aggregation of …

Timber harvest can adversely affect forest biota. Recent research and application suggest
that retention of mature forest elements (retention forestry), including unharvested patches …

Intensive forest management leads to forest homogeneity and compromises biodiversity
conservation for the sake of a single commodity provision: wood biomass. However, forest …

Felled trees with tops and branches are transported to the landing with a grapple skidder in
conventional ground-based whole-tree (WT) harvesting. This method has greater potential …