Avian malaria is a worldwide mosquito‐borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites.
These parasites occur in many avian species but primarily affect passerine birds that have …

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an economically important pathogen for poultry,
whereas knowledge of its occurrence in non‐poultry hosts is limited. The objective of this …

Haemosporidian parasites in the genus Plasmodium were recently detected through
molecular screening in the Galapagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus). We summarized …

This is the first report of a Plasmodium blood parasite found in the Galapagos Archipelago.
Phylogenetic analyses place this parasite, recovered from endangered Galapagos penguins …

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the most polymorphic regions of the
genome, likely due to balancing selection acting to maintain alleles over time. Lack of MHC …

Microbial colonization plays a direct role in host health. Understanding the ecology of the
resident microbial community for a given host species is thus an important step for detecting …

The erythrocyte presents morphologic, cytochemical, and quantitative adaptations as it
progresses through its evolutionary continuum. This text is a comprehensive exploration of …

T animals in nature is mediated by behavior, through individuals' relative effectiveness in
securing food, shelter, and mates. Especially in its ecological context, animal behavior is …

Long-term monitoring of the endangered Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) has
indicated poor reproductive periods and severe population fluctuations in association with El …

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common protozoan parasites of humans and warm-
blooded animals. Members of the family Felidae are the only definitive hosts of this parasite …