Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces
and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens …

Monocytes (Mo) and macrophages (Mϕ) are key components of the innate immune system
and are involved in regulation of the initiation, development, and resolution of many …

B cells are essential for humoral immunity, but the role that they have in regulating CD4+ T
cell responses remains controversial. However, new data showing that the transient …

Development of the acquired immune response is dependent on the signaling of CD40 by
its ligand, CD154. These molecules govern both the magnitude and quality of humoral-and …

Immune tolerance to tumors is often associated with accumulation of myeloid-derived
suppressor cells (MDSC) and an increase in the number of T-regulatory cells (Treg). In …

Autoimmunity and inflammation are controlled in part by regulatory B cells, including a
recently identified IL-10-competent CD1d high CD5+ B cell subset termed B10 cells that …

The ability of B cells to negatively regulate cellular immune responses and inflammation has
only recently been described. Hallmark papers from a number of distinguished laboratories …

Chronic and acute renal diseases, irrespective of the initiating cause, have inflammation and
immune system activation as a common underlying mechanism. The purpose of this review …

The failure of many new, mostly biologic, drugs to meet their primary end points in double-
blind clinical trials in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has caused a …

B cell abnormalities contribute to the development and progress of autoimmune disease.
Traditionally, the role of B cells in autoimmune disease was thought to be predominantly …