Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

Abstract The East Antarctic Ice Sheet contains the vast majority of Earth's glacier ice (about
52 metres sea-level equivalent), but is often viewed as less vulnerable to global warming …

The abyssal ocean circulation is a key component of the global meridional overturning
circulation, cycling heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients throughout the world ocean,. The …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Quantifying changes in Earth's ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to
improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice …

Thwaites Glacier represents 15% of the ice discharge from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and
influences a wider catchment,–. Because it is grounded below sea level,, Thwaites Glacier is …

Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

Ocean-driven basal melting of Antarctica's floating ice shelves accounts for about half of
their mass loss in steady state, where gains in ice-shelf mass are balanced by losses. Ice …

Abstract The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission used laser altimetry
measurements to determine changes in elevations of glaciers and ice sheets, as well as sea …

Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …