Genes on the mammalian X chromosome are present in one copy in males and two copies
in females. The complex mechanisms that regulate the X chromosome lead to evolutionary …

Differentiated sex chromosomes evolved because of suppressed recombination once sex
became genetically controlled. In XX/XY and ZZ/ZW systems, the heterogametic sex became …

In mammals, X-chromosomal genes are expressed from a single copy since males (XY)
possess a single X chromosome, while females (XX) undergo X inactivation. To compensate …

Males are XY and females are XX in most mammalian species. Other species such as birds
have a different sex chromosome make-up: ZZ in males and ZW in females. In both types of …

Post-transcriptional modifications of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have long been recognized to
play crucial roles in regulating the rate and fidelity of translation. However, the extent to …

The marsupial specific RSX lncRNA is the functional analogue of the eutherian specific
XIST, which coordinates X chromosome inactivation. We characterized the RSX interactome …

We review how epigenetics affect sex chromosome evolution in animals and plants. In a few
species, sex is determined epigenetically through the action of Y-encoded small RNAs …

Genetic compensation is a remarkable biological concept to explain the genetic robustness
in an organism to maintain its fitness and viability if there is a disruption occurred in the …

Background Precise gene dosage of the X chromosomes is critical for normal development
and cellular function. In mice, XX female somatic cells show transcriptional X chromosome …

X upregulation in mammals increases levels of expressed X-linked transcripts to
compensate for autosomal biallelic expression. Here, we present molecular mechanisms …