At high concentrations, free radicals and radical-derived, nonradical reactive species are
hazardous for living organisms and damage all major cellular constituents. At moderate …

A typical protein kinase must recognize between one and a few hundred bona fide
phosphorylation sites in a background of∼ 700,000 potentially phosphorylatable residues …

Publisher Summary The chapter introduces the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase
(MAPK) module. The identification of MAP kinase pathways exemplifies the power of …

The PTEN tumor suppressor is mutated in diverse human cancers and in hereditary cancer
predisposition syndromes. PTEN is a phosphatase that can act on both polypeptide and …

The tumor suppressor PTEN regulates cell migration, growth, and survival by removing the
3′-phosphate of phosphoinositides. Exposure of purified PTEN or of cells to H 2 O 2 …

The structure of the SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase, determined at 2.0 Å resolution, shows how
its catalytic activity is regulated by its two SH2 domains. In the absence of a tyrosine …

The second messenger hydrogen peroxide is required for optimal activation of numerous
signal transduction pathways, particularly those mediated by protein tyrosine kinases …

Phosphorylation is an essential process in biological events and is considered critical for
biological functions. In tissues, protein phosphorylation mainly occurs on tyrosine (Tyr) …

▪ Abstract Eukaryotic protein phosphatases are structurally and functionally diverse enzymes
that are represented by three distinct gene families. Two of these, the PPP and PPM families …

Increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity has elevated the medical need
for new agents to treat these disease states. Resistance to the hormones insulin and leptin …