Antifouling paint particles (APPs) are a type of paint particle loaded with toxic biocidal
compounds. The present review focused on the current knowledge in respect of the …

Paints, coatings and varnishes play a crucial role in various industries and daily
applications, providing essential material protection and enhancing aesthetic characteristics …

Antifouling paint particles (APPs) and associated metals have been identified in sediments
around boatyards and marinas globally, but the effects of APPs on benthic organisms are …

The extraction of raw materials in many productive sectors has become problematic for the
environment because of the negative impacts of the process and the inappropriate …

Hazard assessments of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole
(TCMTB), dichloro-octylisothiazolin (DCOIT), chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, thiram, zinc …

Biofouling is one of the major worldwide problems associated with the vessel due to its
accumulation with the surface of the ship hull. The biofouling is the main origin of the …

Marine biofouling has been an issue since antiquity whose solutions have a history of
negative environmental impact. The development of environmentally sustainable solutions …

Microplastics (MPs) and antifouling paint particles (APPs) are important components of
marine microdebris (MDs), which constitute a potential environmental risk. This study …

From an environmental perspective, there is a need to reduce the amount of biocides in
chemically-active antifouling (AF) coatings, as these biocides can cause severe damage to …

In-water cleaning can clear-off foulants from ship hulls to prevent transportation of non-
indigenous species and reduce hull friction and consequent fuel use. However, during …