This review aims to synthesise a large pre-clinical and clinical literature related to a
hypothesised role of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in responses to acute and …

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

Higher prevalence of depression in females might be associated with sex-specific cortisol
levels. Evidence exists that cortisol levels differ between healthy females and males …

The hippocampus has been implicated in modulating anxiety. It interacts with a variety of
brain regions, both cortical and subcortical areas regulating emotion and stress responses …

Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

There exists a reciprocal relationship between the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA)
and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axes, wherein the activation of one affects …

Background Chronic or prolonged stress exposure in childhood can alter structural and
functional brain development, leading to mental and physical illness and alterations of …

Anxiety and addiction disorders are two of the most common mental disorders in the United
States, and are typically chronic, disabling, and comorbid. Emerging evidence suggests the …

The epilepsies are common neurologic disorders characterized by spontaneous recurrent
seizures. Boys, girls, men, and women of all ages are affected by epilepsy and, in many …