BACKGROUND Although thermal expansion of seawater and melting of mountain glaciers
have dominated global mean sea level (GMSL) rise over the last century, mass loss from the …

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions
were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming …

Abstract The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean warming in the twenty-first century to
less than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to promote further efforts to limit …

Polar temperatures over the last several million years have, at times, been slightly warmer
than today, yet global mean sea level has been 6–9 metres higher as recently as the Last …

Mechanisms such as ice‐shelf hydrofracturing and ice‐cliff collapse may rapidly increase
discharge from marine‐based ice sheets. Here, we link a probabilistic framework for sea …

Abstract The Last Interglacial (LIG), a warmer period 130,000–116,000 years before present,
is a potential analogue for future climate change. Stronger LIG summertime insolation at …

Interglacials, including the present (Holocene) period, are warm, low land ice extent (high
sea level), end‐members of glacial cycles. Based on a sea level definition, we identify …

Abstract The Pliocene Epoch (∼ 5.3–2.6 million years ago, Ma) was characterized by a
warmer than present climate with smaller Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and offers an …

This paper is the first of a series of four GMD papers on the PMIP4-CMIP6 experiments. Part
2 (Otto-Bliesner et al., 2017) gives details about the two PMIP4-CMIP6 interglacial …

The last interglaciation (LIG, 129 to 116 thousand years ago) was the most recent time in
Earth's history when global mean sea level was substantially higher than it is at present …