Retinoic acid (RA), the active form of vitamin A, is a small lipophilic molecule that acts as a
signalling molecule in vertebrates by binding to nuclear receptors (heterodimers of RA …

During development, signaling pathways specify cell fates by activating transcriptional
programs in response to extracellular signals. Extensive studies in the past 30 years have …

RNA-based regulation and CRISPR/Cas transcription factors (CRISPR-TFs) have the
potential to be integrated for the tunable modulation of gene networks. A major limitation of …

Plants and animals produce modular developmental units in a periodic fashion. In plants,
lateral roots form as repeating units along the root primary axis; however, the developmental …

The vertebrate body axis is subdivided into repeated segments, best exemplified by the
vertebrae that derive from embryonic somites. The number of somites is precisely defined for …

How signaling dynamics encode information is a central question in biology. During
vertebrate development, dynamic Notch signaling oscillations control segmentation of the …

One of the most striking features of the human vertebral column is its periodic organization
along the anterior-posterior axis. This pattern is established when segments of vertebrates …

Studies of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from schizophrenia patients and control
individuals revealed that the disorder is programmed at the preneuronal stage, involves a …

Notch signaling is a highly conserved signal transduction pathway that regulates stem cell
maintenance and differentiation in several organ systems. Upon activation, the Notch …

Gap genes are involved in segment determination during the early development of the fruit
fly Drosophila melanogaster as well as in other insects. This review attempts to synthesize …