For over a century, the neuron doctrine—which states that the neuron is the structural and
functional unit of the nervous system—has provided a conceptual foundation for …

Since the introduction of calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity with single-cell
resolution, optical imaging methods have revolutionized neuroscience by enabling …

Light-based in-vivo brain imaging relies on light transport over large distances of highly
scattering tissues. Scattering gradually reduces imaging contrast and resolution, making it …

Neurons in cortical circuits are often coactivated as ensembles, yet it is unclear whether
ensembles play a functional role in behavior. Some ensemble neurons have pattern …

Dendritic spines mediate most excitatory neurotransmission in the nervous system, so their
function must be critical for the brain. Spines are biochemical compartments but might also …

Multicellular organisms have co-evolved with complex consortia of viruses, bacteria, fungi
and parasites, collectively referred to as the microbiota. In mammals, changes in the …

Understanding how individual neurons integrate the thousands of synaptic inputs they
receive is critical to understanding how the brain works. Modeling studies in silico and …

Calcium ions generate versatile intracellular signals that control key functions in all types of
neurons. Imaging calcium in neurons is particularly important because calcium signals exert …

Nonlinear microscopy techniques developed over the past two decades have provided
dramatic new capabilities for biological imaging. The initial demonstrations of nonlinear …

Synaptic plasticity in adult neural circuits may involve the strengthening or weakening of
existing synapses as well as structural plasticity, including synapse formation and …