Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on
environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes …

Tropical cyclones (TCs, also known as hurricanes and typhoons) generally form at low
latitudes with access to the warm waters of the tropical oceans, but far enough off the …

About a decade after its introduction, the field of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry is
rapidly expanding because of the large number of possible applications and its potential to …

Palaeoclimate reconstructions of periods with warm climates and high atmospheric CO2
concentrations are crucial for develo** better projections of future climate change. Deep …

The oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate and phosphatic fossils hold the key to
understanding Earth-system evolution during the last 500 million years. Unfortunately, the …

Abstract The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) was a climate shift from a largely ice-free
greenhouse world to an icehouse climate, involving the first major glaciation of Antarctica …

The early Eocene (56 to 48 million years ago) is inferred to have been the most recent time
that Earth's atmospheric CO 2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Global mean …

Abstract The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (around 40 million years ago) was a roughly
400,000-year-long global warming phase associated with an increase in atmospheric CO2 …

Accurate estimates of past global mean surface temperature (GMST) help to contextualise
future climate change and are required to estimate the sensitivity of the climate system to …

The Early Eocene, a period of elevated atmospheric CO2 (> 1000 ppmv), is considered an
analog for future climate. Previous modeling attempts have been unable to reproduce major …