The recognition of a new family of rhodopsins in marine planktonic bacteria, proton-pum**
proteorhodopsin, expanded the known phylogenetic range, environmental distribution, and …

Background Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is the simplest known light driven proton pump and has
been heavily studied using structural methods: eighty four X-ray diffraction, six electron …

Abstract Marine Group II (MGII) archaea represent the most abundant planktonic archaeal
group in ocean surface waters, but our understanding of the group has been limited by a …

Recently, the first known light-driven sodium pumps, from the microbial rhodopsin family,
were discovered. We have solved the structure of one of them, Krokinobacter eikastus …

Freshwater ecosystems are critical but fragile environments directly affecting society and its
welfare. However, our understanding of genuinely freshwater microbial communities …

INTRODUCTION Microorganisms obtain most of the information about their environments
through membrane-associated signaling systems. One of the most abundant classes of …

Generation of an electrochemical proton gradient is the first step of cell bioenergetics. In
prokaryotes, the gradient is created by outward membrane protein proton pumps. Inward …

Rhodopsins are the most universal biological light-energy transducers and abundant
phototrophic mechanisms that evolved on Earth and have a remarkable diversity and …

The light-driven sodium-pum** rhodopsin KR2 from Krokinobacter eikastus is the only
non-proton cation active transporter with demonstrated potential for optogenetics. However …

Rhodopsins are the most abundant light-harvesting proteins. A new family of rhodopsins,
heliorhodopsins (HeRs), has recently been discovered. Unlike in the known rhodopsins, in …