Structural equation models allow causal effects between 2 or more variables to be
considered and can postulate unidirectional (recursive models; RM) or bidirectional …

Understanding causal mechanisms among variables is critical to efficient management of
complex biological systems such as animal agriculture production. The increasing …

Causality has been a subject of study for a long time. Often causality is confused with
correlation. Human intuition has evolved such that it has learned to identify causality through …

Investigating the impact of early egg production selection (the first 90 d of laying) on egg
production features, cumulative selection response (CSR), and the mRNA expression of …

Background Recursive models are a category of structural equation models that propose a
causal relationship between traits. These models are more parameterized than multiple trait …

Ernst Mayr's classical work on the nature of causation in biology has had a huge influence
on biologists as well as philosophers. Although his distinction between proximate and …

Phosphorus utilization (PU) has received considerable attention in poultry nutrition.
However, reliable estimates of genetic parameters for PU and related traits have largely not …

Data regularly recorded in commercial herds have been used extensively for estimation of
disease incidence rates, for inferences regarding genetic and phenotypic associations …

The objective of this study was to investigate potential causal relationships among hot
carcass weight (HCW), longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BF), Warner …

Meat quality is one of the most important traits determining carcass price in the Japanese
beef market. Optimized breeding goals and management practices for the improvement of …