Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy (MPFM) has been a game-changer for optical
imaging, particularly for studying biological tissues deep within living organisms. MPFM …

The nervous system comprises a remarkably diverse and complex network of cell types,
which must communicate with one another with speed, reliability, and precision. Thus, the …

By connecting old and recent notions, different spatial scales, and research domains, we
introduce a novel framework on the consequences of brain injury focusing on a key role of …

Astrocytes regulate brain functions through gliotransmitters like ATP/ADP and glutamate, but
their release patterns and mechanisms remain controversial. Here, we visualized ATP/ADP …

Continuous sleep restores the brain and body, whereas fragmented sleep harms cognition
and health. Microarousals (MAs), brief (3-to 15-s-long) wake intrusions into sleep, are …

It has been more than a century since Pío del Río‐Hortega first characterized microglia in
histological stains of brain tissue. Since then, significant advances have been made in …

Abstract Background Key functions of Ca2+ signaling in rodent microglia include monitoring
the brain state as well as the surrounding neuronal activity and sensing the danger or …

Homeostatic sleep regulation is essential for optimizing the amount and timing of sleep for
its revitalizing function, but the mechanism underlying sleep homeostasis remains poorly …

Precise control of norepinephrine (NE) levels and NE-receptor interaction is crucial for
proper function of the brain. Much evidence for this view comes from experimental studies …

Dynorphin is an endogenous opiate localized in many brain regions and spinal cord, but the
activity of dynorphin neurons during sleep is unknown. Dynorphin is an inhibitory …