Plastids (chloroplasts) have long been recognized to have originated by endosymbiosis of a
cyanobacterium, but their subsequent evolutionary history has proved complex because …

Ferredoxin (Fd) is a small [2Fe‐2S] cluster‐containing protein found in all organisms
performing oxygenic photosynthesis. Fd is the first soluble acceptor of electrons on the …

Chloroplasts are essential organelles in the cells of plants and algae. The functions of these
specialized plastids are largely dependent on the~ 3000 proteins residing in the organelle …

Translocation of nuclear-encoded preproteins across the inner envelope of chloroplasts is
catalyzed by the Tic translocon, consisting of Tic110, Tic40, Tic62, Tic55, Tic32, Tic20, and …

Ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) is a ubiquitous flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-
binding enzyme encoded by a small nuclear gene family in higher plants. The chloroplast …

Working in tandem, two photosystems in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes produce a
linear electron flow from H2O to NADP+. Final electron transfer from ferredoxin to NADP+ is …

Tic110 has been proposed to be a channel-forming protein at the inner envelope of
chloroplasts whose function is essential for the import of proteins synthesized in the cytosol …

The recently completed genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was surveyed for
components of the chloroplast protein translocation complexes. Putative components were …

Abstract Ferredoxin–NADP+ reductase (FNR) catalyzes the last step of linear electron
transfer in photosynthetic light reactions. The FAD cofactor of FNR accepts two electrons …

Chloroplasts like mitochondria were derived from an endosymbiontic event. Due to the
massive gene transfer to the nucleus during endosymbiosis, only a limited number of …