G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate physiological responses to various ligands,
such as hormones, neurotransmitters and sensory stimuli. The signalling and trafficking …

To ensure that extracellular stimuli are translated into intracellular signals of appropriate
magnitude and specificity, most signaling cascades are tightly regulated. One of the major …

GPCRs represent the largest family of integral membrane proteins and were first identified
as receptor proteins that couple via heterotrimeric G‐proteins to regulate a vast variety of …

The endocytic pathway tightly controls the activity of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs).
Ligand-induced endocytosis can drive receptors into divergent lysosomal and recycling …

Dopamine D2 receptors are involved with wakefulness, but their role in the decreased
alertness associated with sleep deprivation is unclear. We had shown that sleep deprivation …

Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world, is used to
promote wakefulness and enhance alertness. Like other wake-promoting drugs (stimulants …

Dysfunctions of dopaminergic homeostasis leading to either low or high dopamine (DA)
levels are causally linked to Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. Major sites …

The functions of the D1-and D2-dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia have remained
somewhat enigmatic, with a number of competing theories relating to the interactions of the …

OBJECTIVES: Augmentation of symptom severity is the main complication of dopaminergic
treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). The current article reports on the considerations …

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that regulates several key functions in the brain,
such as motor output, motivation and reward, learning and memory, and endocrine …