Emerging technologies present many new possibilities for diversifying the desalination
industry, which is currently dominated by thermal desalination, and reverse osmosis. In this …

Desalination is perceived as an effective and reliable process for obtaining freshwater from
aqueous saline solutions such as brackish water, seawater and brine. This can be clarified …

Brine, also known as concentrate, is the by-product of the desalination process that has an
adverse impact on the environment due to its high salinity. Hence, viable and cost-effective …

Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination has become a prominent desalination method for fresh-
water production from either saline seawater or brackish water to meet the ever-growing …

Membrane distillation (MD) is a rapidly emerging water treatment technology; however,
membrane pore wetting is a primary barrier to widespread industrial use of MD. The primary …

Membrane distillation (MD) technology has been mainly used as a treatment method for
saline or contaminated wastewater. Despite the rapid progress in material engineering and …

Membrane distillation (MD) utilizing low-grade thermal energy can be used to effectively
desalinate hypersaline brines with a high freshwater recovery for water reuse. Membrane …

Hydrophobic membranes used in membrane distillation (MD) systems are often subject to
wetting during long-term operation. Thus, it is of great importance to fully understand factors …

Membrane distillation (MD) lags behind other desalination processes such as reverse
osmosis due to relatively high energy consumption. Heating in membrane distillation forms a …

Pervaporation is a vapor pressure-driven membrane desalination process that can
desalinate water with greater total dissolved solids than conventional reverse osmosis. This …