Numerous international scientific assessments and related articles have, during the last
decade, described the observed and potential impacts of climate change as well as other …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

While the sentinel nature of freshwater systems is now well recognized, widespread
integration of freshwater processes and patterns into our understanding of broader climate …

The Arctic is warming more rapidly than most other parts of the world, and many impacts of
climate change are now observed throughout the region. Summer sea ice extent has …

Lakes are prevalent in the Arctic and thus play a key role in regional hydrology. Since many
Arctic lakes are shallow and ice grows thick (historically 2 m or greater), seasonal ice …

Aquatic ecosystems in the High Arctic are facing unprecedented changes as a result of
global warming effects on the cryosphere. Snow pack is a central feature of northern …

Giant viruses (GVs) are key players in ecosystem functioning, biogeochemistry, and
eukaryotic genome evolution. GV diversity and abundance in aquatic systems can exceed …

Mean annual air temperatures in the High Arctic are rising rapidly, with extreme warming
events becoming increasingly common. Little is known, however, about the consequences …

Photosynthetic algae are the main primary producers in polar regions, form the basis of
polar food webs, and are responsible for a significant portion of global carbon fixation. Many …

Lake Vanda is a perennially ice-covered, meromictic, endorheic lake located in the
McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and an exceptional sentinel of climate change within the …