Pain is a common word used to refer to a wide range of physical and mental states sharing
hedonic aversive value. Three types of pain are distinguished in this article: Physical pain …

Mammals respond to an unexpected reward omission or reduction with a variety of
behavioral and physiological responses consistent with an aversive emotion traditionally …

Trace amines are a group of biogenic amines that are structurally and functionally close to
classical monoamine neurotransmitters. Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are …

Abstract The Roman High-(RHA) and Low-(RLA) avoidance rat lines/strains were generated
through bidirectional selective breeding for rapid (RHA) vs. extremely poor (RLA) two-way …

The corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) is crucially involved in the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and thus a major regulator of the stress response …

Roman High-(RHA) and Low-Avoidance (RLA) outbred rats, which differ for a respectively
rapid vs. poor acquisition of the active avoidance response in the shuttle-box, display …

Paradigms used to study the response to and consequences of exposure to reward loss
have been underutilized in approaches to the psychobiology of substance use disorders …

Transcriptional profiling has become a common tool for investigating the nervous system.
During analysis, differential expression results are often compared to functional ontology …

The present study evaluated the long-lasting effects of neonatal handling (NH; administered
during the first 21 days of life) on unlearned and learned anxiety-related responses in inbred …

High-and low-avoidance Roman inbred rat strains (RHA-I, RLA-I) were selected for extreme
differences in two-way active avoidance. RHA-I rats also express less anxiety than RLA-I …