The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Cell culture is an important and necessary process in drug discovery, cancer research, as
well as stem cell study. Most cells are currently cultured using two-dimensional (2D) …

Microfluidics has recently emerged as a powerful tool in generation of submillimeter-sized
cell aggregates capable of performing tissue-specific functions, so-called microtissues, for …

Most cancer biologists still rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture
techniques to test in vitro anti-tumor drugs prior to in vivo testing. However, the vast majority …

Simple Summary Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have been proposed as
alternatives for initial drug screening to increase drug development efficiency. In addition to …

Mechanotransduction is the ability of a cell to sense mechanical cues from its
microenvironment and convert them into biochemical signals to elicit adaptive transcriptional …

Starting with the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect discovery, nanomedicine
has gained a crucial role in cancer treatment. The advances in the field have led to the …

Bottom‐up tissue engineering is a promising approach for designing modular biomimetic
structures that aim to recapitulate the intricate hierarchy and biofunctionality of native human …

Despite tremendous advancements in technologies and resources, drug discovery still
remains a tedious and expensive process. Though most cells are cultured using 2D …

Decades of efforts in engineering in vitro cancer models have advanced drug discovery and
the insight into cancer biology. However, the establishment of preclinical models that enable …