The damage and injury that ground level ozone (O3) causes vegetation has become
increasingly evident over the past half century with a large body of observational and …

Tropospheric concentrations of phytotoxic ozone (O3) have undergone a great increase
from preindustrial 10–15 ppbv to a present-day concentration of 35–40 ppbv in large parts of …

Forests are among the most important terrestrial ecological systems in terms of the multitude
of ecosystem functions and services they provide. These biotic systems are vital not only for …

Risks associated with exposure of individual plant species to ozone (O3) are well
documented, but implications for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes have …

Individual-based models (IBMs) of complex systems emerged in the 1960s and early 1970s,
across diverse disciplines from astronomy to zoology. Ecological IBMs arose with seemingly …

We used data from representatively sampled trees to identify key drivers of tree growth for
central European tree species. Nonlinear mixed models were fitted to individual-tree basal …

The phytotoxic impacts of tropospheric ozone on cellular and molecular processes are
increasingly understood and quantified. They generally lead to a decrease in plant carbon …

Critical loads are thresholds of atmospheric deposition below which harmful ecological
effects do not occur. Because lichens are sensitive to atmospheric deposition, lichen-based …

Abstract Norway spruce (Picea abies), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), silver fir (Abies
alba) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) typically co-occur in European forests, but show …

Projecting the dynamics and functioning of the biosphere requires a holistic consideration of
whole‐ecosystem processes. However, biases toward leaf, canopy, and soil modeling since …