Strand asymmetry in nucleotide composition is a remarkable feature of animal mitochondrial
genomes. Understanding the mutation processes that shape strand asymmetry is essential …

Leaf-cutter ants are one of the most important herbivorous insects in the Neotropics,
harvesting vast quantities of fresh leaf material. The ants use leaves to cultivate a fungus that …

Background Animal mitochondrial genomes are potential models for molecular evolution
and markers for phylogenetic and population studies. Previous research has shown …

Insect mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) are usually double helical and circular molecules
containing 37 genes that are encoded on both strands. The arrangement of the genes is not …

Background Complete mitochondrial genomes are much better suited for the taxonomic
identification and phylogenetic studies of nematodes than morphology or traditionally-used …

Higher-level hymenopteran relationships remain unresolved in both morphological and
molecular analyses. In this study, we present the most comprehensive analyses of …

The Symphyta is traditionally accepted as a paraphyletic group located in a basal position of
the order Hymenoptera. Herein, we conducted a comparative analysis of the mitochondrial …

Insect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are of great interest in exploring molecular
evolution, phylogenetics and population genetics. Only two mitogenomes have been …

Animal mitochondrial genomes usually exhibit conserved gene arrangement across major
lineages, while those in the Hymenoptera are known to possess frequent rearrangements …

The apocritan Hymenoptera show extraordinary features in mitochondrial genomes, but no
complete sequence has been reported for the basal lineage, Evanioidea. Here, we …