Gender differences are present in many diseases and are especially prevalent in
cardiovascular disease. Males tend to suffer from myocardial infarctions earlier than …

Reactive oxygen species are ubiquitous signaling molecules in biological systems. Four
members of the NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzyme family are important sources of reactive …

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) was initially considered to be part of the endocrine
system regulating water and electrolyte balance, systemic vascular resistance, blood …

Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is the most common cause of vascular cognitive
impairment and affects all levels of the brain's vasculature. Features include diverse …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow
limitation and loss of lung function, and is currently the third largest cause of death in the …

The Nox family NADPH oxidases are reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating enzymes
that are strongly implicated in atherogenesis. However, no studies have examined which …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to several aspects of vascular diseases including
ischemia–reperfusion injury, scavenging of nitric oxide, or stimulation of inflammation and …

Endothelial cells exert an enormous influence on blood vessels throughout the circulation,
but their impact is particularly pronounced in the brain. New concepts have emerged …

The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is lower in premenopausal women but
increases with age and menopause compared with similarly aged men. Based on the …

Androgens affect the cerebral vasculature and may contribute to sex differences in
cerebrovascular diseases. Men are at a greater risk for stroke and vascular contributions to …